The velum is represented by the position V of the apparent tip of the uvula moving along a straight line V1-V2. V1 is empirically determined as the position noted for the most elevated point of the velum and V2 as the lowest observed position. The velar opening is assumed proportional to the squared distance (V - V1)**2. Where a nonzero velar area is noted, an appropriate nasal sidebranch is assumed coupled to the pharyngeal-oral tract. The glottis-lips transfer function is replaced by one which determines the total pressure due to radiation from nostrils and lips for a unit glottal velocity pulse. Velar position modifies the tract cross-sectional area as it controls the position and length of segment RV, a normal from V to the real pharyngeal wall, and curve VM approximating the outline of the soft palate.